Prevalence and phenotypic features of chronic spontaneous  urticaria

Received: 12.02.2024/Accepted: 31.07.2024/Published online: 30.08.2024

UDC 616.514 – 07 – 08 (048.8)
DOI: 10.53511/pharmkaz.2024.53.40.005

 

A.J. Batyrbaeva1,2, J.B. Ispayeva1, D.S. Fomina,3,4,5

1Kazakh National Medical University named by S.D. Asfendiyarov, Almaty, Kazakhstan

2 JSC Scientific Research Institute of Cardiology and Internal Diseases , Almaty, Kazakhstan

3GA2LEN Urticaria Center of Reference and Excellence (UCARE), Moscow City Research and Practical Center of Allergology and Immunology, Moscow Healthcare Department, City Clinical Hospital 52, Moscow, Russian Federation

4Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation

5Department of Pulmonology, Astana Medical University, Astana, Kazakhstan

 

Prevalence and phenotypic features of chronic spontaneous  urticaria

 

Resume: In recent years, there has been a steady increase in the incidence of urticaria. It is believed that the etiology of urticaria is a heterogeneous disease. Chronic urticaria (HU) subtypes have common clinical manifestations but may differ phenotypically. The article describes the epidemiology, features of the phenotypes of chronic spontaneous urticaria, their diagnosis, and treatment. New data show that the prevalence of CSU is geographically heterogeneous, high in all age groups, and growing. Significant progress has been made in the study of two main autoimmune mechanisms that determine the pathogenesis of CSU. Autoimmune (autoallergic) type I CSU is associated with IgE antibodies against autoantigens, for example, thyroid peroxidase of the thyroid gland and IL-24. Autoimmune CSU type IIb is mediated by autoantibodies that activate mast cells, for example, through IgE and FcεRI, and is present in less than 10% of patients with CSU. These two types of autoimmune hypersensitivity, i.e., autoimmunity type I (also called autoallergy) and autoimmunity type IIb, are hypothesized to be the underlying mechanisms in most patients with CSU. The goal of treatment for CSU is to achieve complete control of the disease with the absence of signs and symptoms and normalization of quality of life, but the course of the disease varies significantly in response to therapy and the timing of its development. The problem of the prevalence of CSU is highly relevant; clinical and scientific information on this problem is constantly being updated. Therefore, increasing alertness to this problem among doctors of all specialties is necessary. This review aims to provide physicians treating patients with CSU with updated information on the types, prevalence, diagnostic methods of examination, and features of treatment for CSU.

Key words: chronic urticaria, epidemiology, phenotypes, chronic spontaneous urticarial.

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