Received: 22 July 2026
Accepted: 19 October 2026
Published online: 30 October 2026
UDC: 615.322:547.972:543.544:543.51
DOI: 10.53511/pharmkaz.2026.5.18
Article type: Original Research Article
STUDY OF FLAVONOIDS IN THE HERB OF ERYSIMUM MARSCHALLIANUM BY ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROSCOPY AND THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
Чапай Н.К.1, Орынбасарова К.К.2, Турсубекова Б.И.1, Рахманова Г.С.2
1 M. Auezov South Kazakhstan Research University, Shymkent, Republic of Kazakhstan
2 South Kazakhstan Medical Academy JSC, Shymkent, Republic of Kazakhstan
Introduction. To identify the qualitative composition of flavonoids in the herb of Marshall’s wallflower (Erysimum marschallianum Andrz.) by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), to determine their total content by UV spectrophotometry expressed as rutin equivalents, and to evaluate the plant as a potential source of biologically active compounds.
Materials and Methods. A 70% hydroethanolic extract prepared from the herb of Marshall’s wallflower was used as the study material. Qualitative determination of flavonoids was performed on Sorbfil PTLC-PA-UV 10 × 10 cm plates. The mobile phase consisted of ethyl acetate-formic acid-water (70:15:17). Chromatograms were examined under UV light at 254 nm and treated with a 2% solution of aluminium chloride in 95% ethanol. Rutin, hyperoside, and quercetin were used as reference standards. The total flavonoid content was determined using a UV-1900i Shimadzu spectrophotometer by the aluminium chloride complexation method at 415 nm, using a 10 mm cuvette. The effects of particle size, drug-to-extractant ratio, ethanol concentration, and extraction time on flavonoid extraction were evaluated.
Results. Rutin was identified in the extract under investigation using thin-layer chromatography (TLC): its retention factor (Rf) was 0.68, corresponding to that of the rutin reference standard. Hyperoside (Rf = 0.75) and quercetin (Rf = 0.80) were not detected in the investigated extract. The optimal conditions for achieving a high extraction yield of flavonoids were as follows: a raw material particle size of 2 mm, an extractant-to-raw-material ratio of 1:20, 70% ethanol as the extractant, and an extraction time of 90 minutes. According to the results of UV spectrophotometric analysis, the total flavonoid content, calculated as rutin equivalents, was 3.17%; the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 3.8%, with five measurements performed (n = 5).
Discussion. In the present study, the qualitative and quantitative composition of flavonoids in the herb of Erysimum marschallianum Andrz. was comprehensively investigated for the first time. Thin-layer chromatography demonstrated that rutin (Rf = 0.68) was the predominant flavonoid in the extract, whereas hyperoside and quercetin were not detected. These findings are consistent with previous studies on other representatives of the genus Erysimum, particularly Erysimum cheiri (L.) Crantz. In a review by Mosleh et al. (2021), isorhamnetin and its 3,7-diglycoside were identified in the aerial parts of E. cheiri, while kaempferol was detected in the flowers. The identification of rutin in the present study further supports the predominance of flavonol glycosides, including rutin and isorhamnetin derivatives, in the flavonoid profile of Erysimum species.
Quantitative analysis revealed that the total flavonoid content, expressed as rutin equivalents, was 3.17%, indicating that E. marschallianum is a promising source of biologically active compounds. Although detailed quantitative data on flavonoid content in E. cheiri are limited in the available international literature, flavonoids have consistently been reported as one of the major groups of secondary metabolites in this species. The results obtained in the present study demonstrate that E. marschallianum is rich in flavonoids and may be considered a valuable medicinal plant material.
The optimized extraction conditions established in this study (70% ethanol, a drug-to-extractant ratio of 1:20, and an extraction time of 90 min) ensured the highest flavonoid yield. These findings are in agreement with extraction approaches commonly employed for flavonoids from other members of the Brassicaceae family. However, previous studies on E. cheiri have mainly focused on cardenolides (cardiac glycosides), which are responsible for the pharmacological activity and toxicity of the plant. Therefore, future investigations of E. marschallianum should include the determination of cardenolide content and the assessment of its pharmacological safety.
Conclusion. The presence of rutin in the herb of Marshall’s wallflower was confirmed, and the total flavonoid content was determined to be 3.17%. These findings support the further pharmacognostic investigation and standardisation of this plant material as a source of flavonoid compounds and indicate its potential for the development of herbal medicinal products.
Keywords: Marshall’s wallflower, rutin, thin-layer chromatography, UV spectrophotometry, medicinal plant raw material.
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