Received: 28.05.2026
Accepted: 15.07.2026
Published online: 21.08.2026
UDC: 615.322:547.9
DOI: 10.53511/pharmkaz.2026.4.21
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIRADICAL, AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF EXTRACTS OF LINARIA VULGARIS MILL.
D.K. Nurkadirov1, Kh.I. Itzhanova1, P.Zh. Bekisheva1,
Zh.R. Shaimerdenova1, S. B. Dyussekeyeva2, M.M. Baimurat2,
N.B. Askarova2, A.S.Zeinuldina2, A. Bazarkhankyzy2
1 NCJSC “Karaganda Medical University”, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
2 NCJSC “Astana Medical University”, Astana, Kazakhstan
Introduction. This study investigated the antioxidant, antiradical, and antimicrobial activities of L. vulgaris Mill. extracts obtained using different extraction methods and solvents. The study was motivated by the growing interest in natural bioactive compounds possessing antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of extraction conditions on the biological activity of L. vulgaris Mill. extracts.
Materials and Methods. Antioxidant and antiradical activities were evaluated at NCJSC “Astana Medical University”, while antimicrobial activity was determined at the Medical University of Lublin (Poland). The aerial parts of L. vulgaris Mill. were collected in the Karaganda Region during the flowering stage. Extracts were prepared by maceration using 70% and 96% ethanol, ultrasound-assisted extraction with 70% ethanol, and extraction using chloroform, ethyl acetate, and hexane. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, whereas antiradical activity was determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as Candida spp.
Results. The 70% ethanolic extract obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction exhibited the highest reducing power in the FRAP assay (optical density of 1.2124 ± 0.02 at a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL). The highest antiradical activity in the DPPH assay was observed for the 96% ethanolic extract (75.28% at 1.0 mg/mL). The ethyl acetate extract demonstrated the strongest antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (MIC = 2.5–5 mg/mL). In addition, the 70% ethanolic extract exhibited high antifungal activity against Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 (MIC = 1.25 mg/mL). Gram-negative bacteria were less susceptible to the tested extracts, with MIC values ranging from 10 to 20 mg/mL or higher for most strains.
Discussion. The findings indicate that both the extraction method and the extraction solvent significantly influence the biological activity of L. vulgaris Mill. extracts. The observed differences in antioxidant, antiradical, and antimicrobial activities highlight the potential of this plant as a promising natural source of bioactive compounds and justify further investigation of its pharmacological properties.
Conclusion. The results confirmed the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of L. vulgaris Mill. and support further investigation of this plant as a promising source of bioactive compounds.
Keywords: Linaria vulgaris Mill., plant extracts, antioxidant activity, antiradical activity, antimicrobial activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), MIC, extraction methods, bioactive compounds.
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