CONTRIBUTION OF THE PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERISTICS OF BACTERIAL STRAINS TO THE IMMUNOMODULATORY POTENTIAL OF BACTERIAL LYSATES

Received: 19.05.2026

Accepted: 14.07.2026

Published online: 21.08.2026

UDC: 615.37:663.18

DOI: 10.53511/pharmkaz.2026.4.15

 

CONTRIBUTION OF THE PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERISTICS OF BACTERIAL STRAINS TO THE IMMUNOMODULATORY POTENTIAL OF BACTERIAL LYSATES

 

Zhaumitbayeva G.A.¹ ,  Jumagaziyeva A.B.² 

¹ NJSC “Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University”, Almaty, Kazakhstan

² JSC «Scientific Center for Anti-Infectious Drugs», Almaty, Kazakhstan

 

Introduction. The increasing antibiotic resistance of microorganisms necessitates the search for alternative approaches to the prevention and treatment of acute and chronic respiratory tract infections. One promising direction is the use of immunobiological preparations based on bacterial lysates, which are capable of stimulating the immune response and enhancing the body’s defense against respiratory infections.

The aim of the study is to investigate the phenotypic characteristics of bacterial strains associated with respiratory tract infections, to justify the choice of their lysis method, and to evaluate the immunomodulatory potential of the obtained bacterial lysate.

Materials and methods. The study objects were bacterial strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus influenzae, and Klebsiella pneumoniae associated with respiratory tract infections. The study included cultivation and identification of the strains, standardization of bacterial suspensions according to the McFarland scale, preparation of a multicomponent bacterial lysate using a combined method, and assessment of its immunomodulatory activity in vitro based on the level of IL-6 production.

Results. Five bacterial strains were identified, their phenotypic heterogeneity was confirmed, the most effective combined lysis method was established, and the multicomponent bacterial lysate demonstrated moderate immunomodulatory activity based on IL-6 levels.

Discussion. The obtained data indicate that the combination of Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains expands the antigenic composition of the lysate through the inclusion of various PAMP structures, including peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide. Moderate IL-6 production under the influence of the lysate may be considered a sign of balanced immune activation without a pronounced pro-inflammatory response.

Conclusion. The phenotypic characteristics of bacterial strains, including Gram affiliation, morphology, cultural and biochemical features, determine the antigenic diversity of the multicomponent bacterial lysate and may influence its immunomodulatory potential.

Keywords: bacterial lysat, phenotypic characteristics, bacterial strains, respiratory tract infections, interleukin-6, multicomponent lysate, Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, pathogen-associated molecular patterns.

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